In this study, a sensitive, yet robust, biosensing system with real-time electrochemical readout was developed.  The biosensor system was applied to the detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), which is a common maker for many cancers such as pancreatic, breast, and colon.  Real time detection of CEA during a medical procedure can be used to make critical decisions regarding further surgical intervention.  CEA was templated on gold surface (RMS roughness~3-4 nm) coated with a hydrophilic self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on the working electrode of an open circuit potentiometric network.  The subsequent removal of template CEA makes the biosensor capable of CEA detection based on its specific structure and conformation.  The molecular imprinting (MI) biosensor was further calibrated using the potentiometric responses in solutions with known CEA concentrations and a detection limit of 0.5 ng/ml was achieved.  Potentiometric sensing was then applied to pancreatic cyst fluid samples obtained from 18 patients when the cyst fluid was also evaluated using ELISA in a certified pathology laboratory.  Excellent agreement was obtained between the quantitation of CEA obtained by both the ELISA and MI biosensor detection for CEA concentrations range from 7.3 ng/ml (benign cyst) to 26,669 ng/ml (malignant).  A 3-D MI model, using the natural rms roughness of PVD gold layers, is presented to explain the high degree of sensitivity and linearity observed in these experiment.

*Yu Y, Zhang Q, Buscaglia J, Wang Y, Chang C, Liu Y, Yang Z, Guo Y, Levon K, Rafailovich M. Analyst 2016; 141:4424